According to the Court, a parent company have control over it’s subsidiaries documents for disclosure purposes in one of the following distinct circumstances:

i. “Where there is an existing arrangement or understanding, whether or not legally enforceable as a contract, that in practice provides the parent with a right of access to documents held by its subsidiary….. .

ii. “Where the parent company has a presently enforceable legal right to obtain the documents from its subsidiary.”

The court also stated that to determine whether a subsiadiary’s documents are within the “control” of the parent company, by virtue of standing consent, it is helpful to ask:

i. “firstly, the scope (subject matter) of the consent – the documents or types of document covered by the consent;

ii. secondly, the type of consent – how, under the consent given, the disclosing party will get hold of those documents (e.g. by looking through documents for itself and taking copies if it wishes, or by having documents located and sent (or copied) to it, or by having documents located and sent (or copied) to it to the extent they match some further (review) criteria);

iii. thirdly, the quality of the consent – whether it involves free and unfettered access to the documents covered, of which (or copies of which) the party will get hold in that way.”

The above English judgment provides helpful guidance to Cypriot Courts, in deciding issues of parent’s obligation or right over it’s subsidiary’s documents for disclosure purposes.